According to English (2000), “curriculum is any document that exists in a school that defines the work of teachers by identifying the content to be taught and the methods to be used”. Curriculum innovation can hardly be successful unless teachers ‘conceptions and beliefs about teaching and learning are taken into account. Teachers and administrators often focus on the Big Three, the written, taught and tested curriculum, in order to maximize the learned curriculum (Glatthorn, 1987).
Improved curriculum types generally include:
-Aligned: use the right methods to bring the written, the taught, the supported, and the tested curriculums into closer alignment, so that the learned curriculum is maximized;
-Concept-Based: the conceptual transfer of knowledge includes the application of concepts or universal generalizations across time, cultures or situations;
-Differentiated: teacher proactively plans varied approaches to what students need to learn, how they will learn it, and/or how they can express what they have learned in order to increase the likelihood that each student will learn as much as he or she can as efficiently as possible;
